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Preventing disease through healthy environments : a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks Compiled by Annette Prüss-Üstün, C. Corvalán, Robert Bos, Maria Neira and World Health Organization

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextTextSeries: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risksPublication details: Geneva, Switzerland,; World Health Organization, c2016.Edition: 2nd edDescription: xxiii, 147 pages.: color illustrations 30cmISBN:
  • 9789241565196, 9241565195
Subject(s):
LOC classification:
  • RA565.P78 2016
Online resources:
Contents:
Acronyms and abbreviations Preface Executive summary 1. Introduction 2. Methods: Estimating the environmental burden of disease The environment: A contextual determinant of health The link with social determinants of health What is meant by the population attributable fraction of a risk factor? Estimating the population attributable fraction Comparative risk assessment Calculations based on limited epidemiological data Disease transmission pathway Expert survey Combining risk factors for individual diseases Estimating the burden of disease attributable to the environment Estimating uncertainties 3. Results: A systematic analysis of fractions attributable to the environment, by disease Infectious and parasitic diseases Infectious and parasitic diseases Respiratory infections Diarrhoeal diseases Intestinal nematode infections Malaria Trachoma Schistosomiasis Chagas disease Lymphatic filariasis Onchocerciasis Leishmaniasis Dengue Japanese encephalitis HIV/AIDS Sexually transmitted diseases Hepatitis B and C Tuberculosis Other infectious and parasitic diseases Neonatal and nutritional conditions Neonatal conditions Protein-energy malnutrition Noncommunicable diseases Cancers Mental, behavioural and neurological disorders Cataracts Hearing loss Ischaemic heart disease Stroke Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Asthma Musculoskeletal diseases Congenital anomalies Other noncommunicable diseases Risks factors for noncommunicable diseases from other areas but related to the environment Overweight and obesity Physical inactivity Unintentional injuries Road traffic accidents Unintentional poisonings Falls Fires, heat and hot substances Drownings Other unintentional injuries Intentional injuries Self-harm Interpersonal violence The link between the environment and demographics Global results of the analysis by disease and population subgroups Disease specific results Age differences Gender differences Regional and country differences Trends 4. Discussion: Leveraging environment-health links Environment, health and the Sustainable Development Goals Strengths and weaknesses of the analysis 5. Conclusion: Towards healthy environments Key findings Reducing the burden of unhealthy environments. Annexes Annex 1. WHO Member States and country groupings by income region Annex 2. Results tables Annex 3:. Technical annex on methods Annex 3.1. Calculation of population attributable fractions Annex 3.2. Combination of risk factors for one disease: Additional information Annex 3.3. Additional information on estimation of PAFs for selected diseases References Acknowledgments Photo credits
Summary: The main message emerging from this new comprehensive global assessment is that premature death and disease can be prevented through healthier environments--and to a significant degree. Analysing the latest data on the environment-disease nexus and the devastating impact of environmental hazards and risks on global health, backed up by expert opinion, this report covers more than 130 diseases and injuries. The analysis shows that 23% of global deaths (and 26% of deaths among children under five) are due to modifiable environmental factors--and therefore can be prevented. Stroke, ischaemic heart disease, diarrhoea and cancers head the list. People in low-income countries bear the greatest disease burden, with the exception of noncommunicable diseases. The report's unequivocal evidence should add impetus to coordinating global efforts to promote healthy environments--often through well-established, cost-effective interventions. This analysis will inform those who want to better understand the transformational spirit of the Sustainable Development Goals agreed by Heads of State in September 2015. The results of the analysis underscore the pressing importance of stronger intersectoral action to create healthier environments that will contribute to sustainably improving the lives of millions around the world.
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previously published as 2nd ed. in 2016

includes bibliographical reference and index.

Acronyms and abbreviations
Preface
Executive summary
1. Introduction
2. Methods: Estimating the environmental burden of disease
The environment: A contextual determinant of health
The link with social determinants of health
What is meant by the population attributable fraction of a risk factor?
Estimating the population attributable fraction
Comparative risk assessment
Calculations based on limited epidemiological data
Disease transmission pathway
Expert survey
Combining risk factors for individual diseases
Estimating the burden of disease attributable to the environment
Estimating uncertainties
3. Results: A systematic analysis of fractions attributable to the environment, by disease Infectious and parasitic diseases
Infectious and parasitic diseases
Respiratory infections
Diarrhoeal diseases
Intestinal nematode infections
Malaria
Trachoma
Schistosomiasis
Chagas disease
Lymphatic filariasis
Onchocerciasis
Leishmaniasis
Dengue
Japanese encephalitis
HIV/AIDS
Sexually transmitted diseases
Hepatitis B and C
Tuberculosis
Other infectious and parasitic diseases
Neonatal and nutritional conditions
Neonatal conditions
Protein-energy malnutrition
Noncommunicable diseases
Cancers
Mental, behavioural and neurological disorders
Cataracts
Hearing loss
Ischaemic heart disease
Stroke
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Asthma
Musculoskeletal diseases
Congenital anomalies
Other noncommunicable diseases
Risks factors for noncommunicable diseases from other areas but related to the environment
Overweight and obesity
Physical inactivity
Unintentional injuries
Road traffic accidents
Unintentional poisonings
Falls
Fires, heat and hot substances
Drownings
Other unintentional injuries
Intentional injuries
Self-harm
Interpersonal violence
The link between the environment and demographics
Global results of the analysis by disease and population subgroups
Disease specific results
Age differences
Gender differences
Regional and country differences
Trends
4. Discussion: Leveraging environment-health links
Environment, health and the Sustainable Development Goals
Strengths and weaknesses of the analysis
5. Conclusion: Towards healthy environments
Key findings
Reducing the burden of unhealthy environments. Annexes
Annex 1. WHO Member States and country groupings by income region
Annex 2. Results tables
Annex 3:. Technical annex on methods
Annex 3.1. Calculation of population attributable fractions
Annex 3.2. Combination of risk factors for one disease: Additional information
Annex 3.3. Additional information on estimation of PAFs for selected diseases
References
Acknowledgments
Photo credits

The main message emerging from this new comprehensive global assessment is that premature death and disease can be prevented through healthier environments--and to a significant degree. Analysing the latest data on the environment-disease nexus and the devastating impact of environmental hazards and risks on global health, backed up by expert opinion, this report covers more than 130 diseases and injuries. The analysis shows that 23% of global deaths (and 26% of deaths among children under five) are due to modifiable environmental factors--and therefore can be prevented. Stroke, ischaemic heart disease, diarrhoea and cancers head the list. People in low-income countries bear the greatest disease burden, with the exception of noncommunicable diseases. The report's unequivocal evidence should add impetus to coordinating global efforts to promote healthy environments--often through well-established, cost-effective interventions. This analysis will inform those who want to better understand the transformational spirit of the Sustainable Development Goals agreed by Heads of State in September 2015. The results of the analysis underscore the pressing importance of stronger intersectoral action to create healthier environments that will contribute to sustainably improving the lives of millions around the world.

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